VAT - value added tax is mandatory for individual entrepreneurs, organizations and anyone involved in any commercial activity. This indirect tax, and all sellers, as well as those who provide services to the public, pay it. In this article, we will try to deal with VAT for dummies and novice accountants.

In some stores, you can see price tags that show the price of goods with and without VAT. But not everyone understands what it really is, where all these numbers come from and, most importantly, why.

This is a kind of duty included in the price of each product. We, as buyers, purchase goods with VAT already added. For all products it is 18%. For some goods that are vital to the population, such as bread, milk, cereals, salt, etc.,. If the goods are imported - .

Who pays VAT? VAT payers are organizations and individual entrepreneurs on the main taxation system. In some cases, payers may be persons on the simplified tax system.

This video tells very well about VAT accounting in the simplest words, as they say, “for dummies”:

An example for dummies

Using an example, let's analyze where this very VAT is hidden. You have bought milk from the store. It cost 30 rubles, the same you paid. The seller pays a 10% tax on this milk, that is, he will pay the state 3 rubles. But if he has an invoice, which states that he bought this product for ,1, and VAT is already included in the invoice, then the seller, on the basis of the documents, calculates not 3 rubles, but only the difference and pays VAT 0, 39 rubles.

In order for the organization to receive a deduction, it is also necessary to have an invoice for the goods to this invoice. Lack of one document may result in full payment of VAT.

Types of bets

Under Russian law, VAT is calculated at three rates.

• Zero rate. In this case, the tax is not levied on the export of goods with their further sale. The entire list of goods related to the zero rate can be seen in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
• 10% applied to special products. The ones you can't live without. Bread, milk, cereals, medicines, etc. The entire list can also be found in tax code. During the crisis period, the list of products increases.
• Rate 18%, the most common. All other products and services are considered at this rate.

How to pay

This tax is payable on each reporting period, up to the date inclusive, a declaration is submitted and the accrued VAT is paid. You can highlight the dates on the calendar when you need to make declarations.

• January - the declaration is submitted for the 4th quarter. last year.
• April - 1 sq. current year.
• July - 2 quarter. of the year.
• October - 3 quarter.

If the date of the month following the reporting one falls on a day off, the submission of reports and payment of tax is extended to the first weekday after this date.

It becomes clear that VAT is paid quarterly. Timely completion and payment of all taxes saves the company from fines and penalties.

How tax is calculated

VAT is charged in two ways:

• Sales revenue is taxed, and then, in fact, VAT is calculated from it.
• The accrual is based on the rate. The rate consists of adding value to a separate segment of the product being sold.

The second option is more complicated, since it is necessary to keep separate records for each product. The first type of calculation is most often used. You also need to remember that there are a lot of subtleties that only a specialist can reveal.

The history of the tax

The tax was originally created in France in the early 1940s. It consisted of a tax on the sale of goods, but had many inaccuracies, and therefore did not take root. Closer to the 50th year, the French economist developed a whole system that consisted of paying and refunding tax. It was reminiscent of today's type of VAT.

In our country, VAT appeared in the 90s. The first steps were inept, the country was on the verge of collapse and collapse, so initially the system did not take root. When deciding to bring the country out of the crisis, Yegor Gaidar again applied this system, which is still in effect.

VAT - value added tax. This is the main principle of his work. In a very simple example, its base coincides with the income tax base (after all, both profit and value added are synonyms), but the clarifications were written in different ways and, as a result, there is almost nothing in common in accounting.

Example: We were going to sell 10 apples grown by our own labor at 3 rubles = 30 rubles. From above, before the sale, 10% VAT was charged 30 * 10% \u003d 3 rubles. Total sold for 33 rubles. including VAT. 3 rubles They took 30 rubles for their work. is our income. 3 rubles set aside and paid VAT.

The amounts of accrued VAT are not our income and are not taken into account when calculating income tax. It turns out in this example the amount of income for taxation on profits and VAT is the same.

In general, the VAT is a separate wide river flowing into and out of the accounting and not shifting with the rest of the accounting.

In addition to the fact that VAT is a value added tax, it is a tax that the last buyer always pays, and our organization may also be the same.

Legislators are trying to bring back the original meaning of the tax when enterprising people find ways around it. And in my opinion, it was this struggle that gave birth to a monster from a tiny formula, a detailed description of which does not fit in one book. In my opinion, the correctness of the application of this tax is easy to check for yourself, simply by comparing how we use it and the original meaning.

Let's move on to the tax book formula: VAT payable = VAT shipped - VAT accepted.

The primary document for tax accounting is the Invoice (a very strict document). Outgoing (implementation) Invoices are registered in the Book of Sales, and incoming in the Book of Purchases. The difference between the Book of Sales and the Book of Purchases is VAT payable. These documents are the basis for maintaining VAT tax records. And reflection by postings is already accounting.

VAT shipped - Sales Book, Kt68.02 (increase in VAT debt)

Accepted VAT - Purchase Book, when purchasing goods, we acquire tax with it, and reflect Dt19_VAT_accepted Kt60_Supplier.

Accordingly: (VAT shipped - VAT accepted) posting Dt68.02_VAT_shipped ("-" decrease in VAT debt) Kt19_VAT_accepted ("-" decrease in assets for accepted VAT). And the balance on Kt68.02 is VAT payable to the budget.

This formula just reflects the principles, and that the last buyer pays VAT, and that this is a value added tax.

Let's add some details.

Tax is charged at the time of sale. An accountant is considered the moment of sale to be an extract of documents (Act, Invoice, Invoice), since accounting is very optimistic and will be paid to anyone. In this regard, some tried to transfer money in advance (no invoice, no tax), to which legislators responded by requiring them to issue an invoice when receiving an advance. The continuation was the desire to offset VAT as a purchase when transferring an advance, which was allowed subject to certain conditions, the main of which is the inclusion in the Book of Sales of amounts by the recipient of the advance (VAT is like a baton, the main thing is not to fall).

In "1C: Accounting 8" there is a separate account 76.AB to account for the advance payment received. This is the account for the transshipment base for posting Dt90.03 (VAT in the cost of goods) Kt 68.02 (VAT payable), it turns out 90.03-76.AB-68.02 (this "temporary content" is often found in postings when operations are extended in time). Let's skip the postings for now and see what happens with the documents (what kind of operations we actually need to register). Upon receipt of an advance payment, we issue an Invoice to ourselves and reflect it in the Sales Book. After some time, we make a shipment and generate real documents, including an Invoice. It turns out a double, and an advance and a sale (or a partial double if the advance is partial). To eliminate it, we must remove the Invoice for advance payment, and according to the rules of maintaining tax accounting VAT we will enter a line in the Book of Purchases upon closing the advance. For example: we received an advance payment of 100 rubles and included it in the Sales Book Dt76.AB Kt68.02, a week later we shipped goods in the amount of 150 rubles and included it in the Sales Book Dt90.03 Kt68.02, at the same time we closed the advance by including it in the Purchase Book 100 rubles Dt68.02 Kt76.AV. VAT payable (150)= Sales Book (100+150) - Purchase Book (100).

The same goes for advance payments. And a long time ago, when there were non-payments and VAT was considered for payment, it was still 76.N and the amounts were temporarily stored on it, waiting for payment, before reaching 68.02.

There are subtleties of accounting, do not forget to check the legislation, especially in the case of offset (inclusion in the shopping book) of what you "ate" yourself.

In continuation of the article on running your own business, today I’m talking about what VAT is - a tax whose name each of us has heard and still remains one of the most difficult to understand and understand. And although it is not at all necessary for the consumer to know about the tax directly, for the entrepreneur, questions about the calculation or return of the fee are particularly relevant.

About VAT in simple words

If you look in any reference book or dictionary, you will notice that value added tax (VAT) is a tax imposed on enterprises that create additional market value (that is, sell a product or service at a higher price) to a product or service and is calculated based on the difference between the new market value and the previous one. Or, in other words, expressing the main essence, it is calculated from the difference between the proceeds from the sale of a product or service and the amount of funds spent on the purchase of this product, materials or raw materials from a third party (this can be either the creation of a more complex product or a simple resale purchased earlier goods at a higher price). Naturally, it is more difficult for an ordinary citizen to understand these contributions than to grasp the meaning of the tax on property of organizations, their profit or primitive personal income tax.

History of creation

Initially (back in the 20s of the XX century), the value added tax began to be considered as an alternative to the sales tax, in which the fee was levied on all revenue (it was not taken into account). In this case, the main task of the VAT was to exempt from multiple taxation of the same production costs and the introduction of a contribution that takes into account potential profits, rather than revenue. But then the matter did not come to the introduction of the tax. Now, there is an opinion that VAT is more than income tax, contributes to the economic growth of the enterprise and the stability of its balance of payments. Although the first delivers questions, of course, more. And yet, there is still no VAT in the USA ( 2012 year, and in 2013 is also unlikely to be), and it was introduced for the first time on April 10, 1954 in France (author - economist Maurice Lauret).

Probably most readers know this - bid value added tax in Russia is 18% on most manufactured goods. However, some categories of goods are valid special tax at a rate of 10%: as a rule, these are medicines, goods for children and some foodstuffs. Goods exported abroad are not subject to value added tax (0% rate). In different countries, however, the rate of this tax varies markedly: from 3% to 27%. Low tax rates are typical for countries such as: Japan (5%), Thailand (7%), Switzerland (8%), the highest tax is levied in countries such as: Denmark (25%), Sweden (25% ), Norway (25%), Hungary (27%). Naturally, in most countries of the world there is a so-called preferential rate for certain groups of goods. In some cases, there may be no tax at all. For example, in Russian legislation There are hundreds of exceptions.

Who pays in the end?

It would be wrong to say that the burden of taxes falls (and in general, does it?) solely on business. As a result, when the finished product reaches retail, the buyer (physical or entity). It can be said that tax declaration submits by the enterprise (as tax agent ), but ultimately the buyer loses in price, indirectly reimbursing the seller ( upon payment the buyer pays an additional 18% of the cost included in the goods). Consider, what is VAT, for examples of a simple logical chain:

• If one enterprise buys raw materials, materials or just goods from another, then it also pays the VAT included in their cost to the supplier.
• Further, when the future value of the goods is determined, the cost of the purchased goods, raw materials or materials, minus VAT from them, is initially included in the cost price. But the amount of VAT deducted from the purchase at this stage is recorded in the tax credit.
• Then, at the stage of formation of the final sale price at which the company will sell it (that is, based on the cost, including a share of the profit, calculating excise taxes, etc.), you also add value added tax to the resulting value (then there is the same VAT that the buyer will have to pay).
• As a result, having sold goods for a certain amount and received revenue, based on its size, you calculate the included 18% (in this case we are talking about Russia) and mark this amount as a tax liability
• Then you need to calculate the difference between the size of the tax liability and the loan obtained in the first case and the amount of this amount should be paid to the state.

Calculation examples

To understand in more detail what VAT is, let's take a few simple examples. Let's say we decide to sell jeans in a retail store. But in order to start a business, we need a wholesale clothing supplier. Imagine that we bought clothes for 10,000 rubles and calculated that jeans alone cost 200 rubles (that is, a total of 50 pairs). In this case, the cost of jeans will initially include an 18% tax paid by the wholesale supplier. In other words, 200 rubles is 118% (or 1.18), in other words, the cost of one pair of jeans without supplier VAT is 169.5 rubles (I have rounded this number). And 30.5 rubles from each pair is the VAT we paid, or in the end it is 1525 rubles for the entire batch. We will take them into account as a deduction or "incoming" contribution.

When buying materials for further resale, we must prove the purchase of goods with VAT already included, in this case it is a check, invoice or invoice with the corresponding tax lines in them - thus, accounting must be transparent and visible to the tax authorities.

Before we form the price for finished products, we need to first deduct VAT from the purchased goods - the amount of this amount will be the basis for further tax calculation. Then, having already created a finished product, they must include this tax (in Russia, as already mentioned, it is 18%) and add it to the cost. In the end, the cost of the tax will be paid by the potential consumer. Let's say that we sold all the jeans for 1000 rubles apiece. In this case, after selling 50 pairs, we got 50,000 rubles. This amount (50 thousand rubles) is similar to the previous 118%, that is, the base of the "outgoing" VAT will be:

1. 50000 / 1.18 = 42373 rubles (or is it 100%)
2. 50000 - 42373 = 7627 rubles.

As a result, as a tax, we need to pay 7627 - 1525 rubles = 6102 rubles.

Or another, simpler example. You bought shoes for 2000 rubles, and sold them for 3000 rubles. The amount of VAT here can be calculated even more simply: in this case, the entire value added (that is, 1000 rubles) is taken as 118% or 1.18. Then VAT at the rate of 18% will be:

1. 1000 / 1.18 = 847.5 rubles
2. 1000 - 847.5 \u003d 152.5 rubles.

In other words, if we sold the same amount of goods as we bought, then the VAT that we have to pay can be calculated simply from the value added per unit of goods (the difference in selling and buying prices) - this is such a simple formula. Easier, of course, extract (allocate), accrue or calculate tax using calculator(but I, unfortunately, will not write it now).

But, nevertheless, the amount of value added tax is calculated from the tax base minus the previous (“input”) VAT, if documentary evidence corresponds to this.

How to refund tax?

There are cases, in particular, when you export goods abroad of the Russian Federation, when the buyer is not able to refund the amount of tax to you, while you paid VAT for the purchase to the supplier (in other words, the tax rate is zero). In this case, the state comes to your aid (by analogy with housing and communal services, maternity capital (read here), or a co-financing program to increase the funded part of labor pension) - it is it that is obliged to refund you value added tax. For a refund (or refund), you, of course, will need to write an application and collect several documents for the tax authority.

And although understanding the nature of the tax does not always come quickly, “ignorance of the tax does not exempt from paying it,” because with VAT the state budget is replenished very well, and to help in understanding what is VAT, this article will help you. Articles on this and related topics (for example, microeconomics), in particular:

• Elasticity of supply and demand
• What is demand
• Law of supply and demand

There is a special offer for visitors to our site - you can get a free consultation from a professional lawyer by simply leaving your question in the form below.

value added tax

Value Added Tax (VAT)- indirect tax, a form of withdrawal to the state budget of a part of the added value, which is created at all stages of the process of production of goods, works and services and is paid to the budget as it is sold.

Outwardly, VAT resembles a turnover tax: the seller adds it to the cost of goods, works or services sold. However, the buyer has the right to deduct from the amount due to the budget the amount of tax that he paid for these goods (works, services). Thus, this tax is indirect, and its burden ultimately falls not on traders, but on the final consumers of goods and services. This system of taxation is created in order to avoid paying tax on tax due to the fact that goods and services go a long way to the consumer; Under the VAT system, all goods and services carry only the tax that is levied on the final sale of the goods to the consumer. Interest rate may vary depending on the type of product. In payment documents, VAT is allocated as a separate line.

VAT was first introduced on April 10, 1954 in France. His invention belongs to the French economist Maurice Lauret (in 1954, director of the Directorate of Taxes, Duties and VAT of the Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry of France). Currently, 137 countries levy VAT. Of the developed countries, VAT is absent in countries such as the United States, where it is replaced by a sales tax at a rate of 3% to 15%.

Russia

The tax period (Article 163 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) is established as a quarter.

Tax rates (Article 164 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation)

1. The rate of 0% is applied, for example, when selling goods exported under the customs procedure for export.
2. The rate of 10% is applied, for example, when selling certain food products, goods for children, medical goods.
3. The rate of 18% is the main rate, applied in all other cases.

The procedure for calculating tax (Article 166 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation)

When determining the tax base, the amount of tax is calculated as the percentage of the tax base corresponding to the tax rate, and in case of separate accounting - as the amount of tax received as a result of adding the amounts of taxes calculated separately as the percentage of the corresponding tax bases corresponding to the tax rates. The moment of determining the tax base (Article 167 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) is the earliest of the following dates:

1. day of shipment (transfer) of goods (works, services), property rights;
2. the day of payment, partial payment on account of the forthcoming deliveries of goods (performance of work, provision of services), transfer of property rights.
3. in the transfer of ownership for the purposes of this Chapter, shall be equated with its shipment.
4. When a taxpayer sells goods transferred by him for storage under a "warehousing agreement" with the issuance of a warehouse certificate, the moment of determining the tax base for these goods is determined as the day of realization of the warehouse certificate.
5. the date of assignment of the monetary claim or the day of termination of the corresponding obligation

The taxpayer has the right to reduce the total amount of tax by the established tax deductions (Article 171 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). The tax amounts presented to the taxpayer upon the acquisition of goods (works, services), as well as property rights in the territory of the Russian Federation or paid by the taxpayer upon importation of goods into the territory of the Russian Federation and other territories under its jurisdiction, in the customs procedures for release for internal consumption are subject to deductions. , temporary importation and processing outside the customs territory or when importing goods transported across the border of the Russian Federation without customs clearance.

The procedure and terms for paying tax to the budget (Article 174 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation)

The VAT tax period is set as a quarter. Payment of tax on transactions recognized as an object of taxation in the territory of the Russian Federation is made on the basis of the results of each tax period based on the actual sale (transfer) of goods (performance, including for own needs, works, provision, including for own needs, services) for the expired tax period in equal shares no later than the 20th day of each of the three months following expired tax period. Form tax return for VAT approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of October 15, 2009 No. 104n.

Tax refund procedure (Article 176 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation)

If at the end of the tax period the amount of tax deductions exceeds the total amount of tax calculated on transactions recognized as an object of taxation, the resulting difference is subject to compensation (offset, refund) to the taxpayer. After the taxpayer submits a tax return, the tax authority verifies the validity of the amount of tax claimed for reimbursement during an in-house audit. tax audit in order. Upon completion of the audit, within seven days, the tax authority is obliged to make a decision on the reimbursement of the relevant amounts, if during the in-house tax audit no violations of the legislation on taxes and fees were revealed.

In case of detection of violations of the legislation on taxes and fees in the course of a desk tax audit, authorized officials of the tax authorities must draw up a tax audit report. The act and other materials of a desk tax audit, during which violations of the legislation on taxes and fees were revealed, as well as objections submitted by the taxpayer (his representative), must be considered by the head (deputy head) of the tax authority that conducted the tax audit. Based on the results of consideration of the materials of a desk tax audit, the head (deputy head) of the tax authority makes a decision to hold the taxpayer liable for committing a tax offense or to refuse to hold the taxpayer liable. At the same time, this decision is made:

• a decision to fully refund the amount of tax claimed for reimbursement;
• a decision to refuse to fully refund the amount of tax claimed for reimbursement;
• a decision to partially refund the amount of tax claimed for reimbursement, and a decision to refuse to refund partially the amount of tax claimed for reimbursement.

If the taxpayer has tax arrears, other federal taxes, debts on the relevant penalties and (or) fines payable or recoverable, the tax authority independently offsets the amount of tax to be reimbursed against the said arrears and debts on penalties and (or) fines.

Latvia

The VAT law came into force in 1995; At the same time, the value added tax was abolished.

Israel

There are the following main acts of secondary EU law in this area:

• First Council Directive 67/227/EEC of 11 April 1967 on the harmonization of the legislation of the Member States with regard to turnover taxes (not in force). This act was adopted in order to replace the tiered cumulative system of indirect taxation in the EU Member States and to achieve a significant degree of simplification of tax calculations and the neutrality of the factor of indirect taxation in relation to competition in the EU. Moreover, the introduction of VAT, which replaces other turnover taxes, has become an obligation for member states.

• Second and Third Council Directive 68/227/EEC of 11 April 1967 and 69/463/EEC of 9 December 1969 "On the harmonization of the legislation of the Member States with regard to turnover taxes - the introduction of value added tax in the Member States" ( It does not work). These acts provided a number of deferrals for the introduction of VAT in some Member States.

• Sixth Council Directive 77/388/EEC of 17 May 1977 "On the harmonization of the legislation of the Member States with regard to value added taxes - a common system of value added tax: a uniform calculation base" (not in force). The provisions of this act reflect the basic principles of the functioning of the VAT system. This act had a huge number of changes and additions. He was complete tax act. Separately, it is necessary to note the harmonization of VAT rates in the member states.

• Eighth Council Directive 79/1072/EEC of December 6, 1979 "On the harmonization of the legislation of the Member States with regard to turnover taxes - Provisions for the reimbursement of value added tax to taxable persons not established in the country" (the provisions of this act allow the taxpayer of one state member to receive a VAT refund in another Member State). From 01.01.2009 the new Directive is in force.

• Thirteenth Council Directive 86/560/EEC of 17 November 1986 "On the harmonization of the laws of the Member States with regard to turnover taxes - Provisions for the reimbursement of value added tax to taxable persons not established in the Community" (this act allows the taxpayer of a third country to receive VAT refund in an EU Member State). From 01.01.2009 the new Directive is in force.

• Council Directive 2006/112/EC of 28 November 2006 on a common value added tax system can be considered a triumph of European tax integration. Effective from January 1, 2007, this act was adopted to replace the current integration legislation in the field of VAT regulation (in particular, the famous Sixth Directive) without making significant changes to it. The changes affected mainly the logical structure of the document. The act consists of 15 chapters, 414 articles and 14 annexes, it defines: subject and scope (chapter 1); territory of application (chapter 2), taxable persons (chapter 3), taxable transactions (chapter 4); place of taxable transactions (chapter 5), tax liability and collection of VAT (chapter 6), taxable amount (chapter 7), rates (chapter 8), exemptions/tax credits (chapter 9), deductions (chapter 10), obligations of taxable persons persons and certain categories of non-taxable persons (chapter 11), special taxation schemes (chapter 12), derogation provisions (chapter 13), other provisions (chapter 14), final provisions (chapter 15).

Table of tax rates

Russia

EU countries

A country	Bid		Abbreviation	Name
	Standard	Reduced
Austria	20 %	12% or 10%	USt.	Umsatzsteuer
Belgium	21 %	12% or 6%	btw TVA MWSt	Be lasting over de toegevoegde waarde Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutee Mehrwertsteuer
Bulgaria	20 %	7 %	DDS = DDS	Dank Added Stoynost
Great Britain	20 %	5% or 0%	VAT	Value Added Tax
Hungary	27 %	5 %	ÁFA	altalanos forgalmi ado
Denmark	25 %		moms	Merværdiafgift
Germany	19 %	7 %	MwSt./USt.	Mehrwertsteuer/Umsatzsteuer
Greece	23 %	13% or 6.5% (For the islands of the Aegean basin, the tax is reduced by 30%: 13%, 6% and 3%)	ΦΠΑ	Φόρος Προστιθέμενης Αξίας
Ireland	21 %	13.5%, 4.8% or 0%	CBL VAT	Cain Bhreisluacha Value Added Tax
Spain	21 %	8% or 4%	IVA	Impuesto sobre el valor anadido
Italy	21 %	10%, 6%, or 4%	IVA	Imposta sul Valore Aggiunto
Cyprus	17 %	8% or 5%	ΦΠΑ	Φόρος Προστιθεμένης Αξίας
Latvia	21 %	10% since 2011 12%	PVC	Pievienotās vērtības nodoklis
Lithuania	21 %	9% or 5%	PVM	Pridėtinės vertės mokestis
Luxembourg	15 %	12%, 9%, 6%, or 3%	TVA	Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutee
Malta	18 %	5 %	TVM	Taxxa tal-Valur Miżjud
Netherlands	19 %	6 %	btw	Be lasting over de toegevoegde waarde
Poland	23 %	8%, 5% or 0%	PTU/VAT	Podatek od towarow i usług
Portugal	23 %	13% or 6%	IVA	Imposto sobre o Valor Acrescentado
Romania	24 %	9% or 5%	TVA	Taxa pe valoarea adăugată
Slovakia	20 %	10 %	DPH	Dan z pridanej hodnoty
Slovenia	20 %	8,5 %	DDV	Davek na dodano vrednost
Finland	23 %	17% or 8%	ALV Moms	Arvonlisavero Mervardesskatt
France	19,6 %	7% or 5.5% or 2.1%	TVA	Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutee
Sweden	25 %	12% or 6% or 0%	Moms	Mervardesskatt
Czech	20 %	14 %	DPH	Dan z přidane hodnoty
Estonia	20% (until July 1, 2009 - 18%),	9 %	km	käibemaks (literally "turnover tax")

Other countries

A country	Bid		Local name
	Standard	Reduced
Albania	20 %
Azerbaijan	18 %		ƏDV (Əlavə Dəyər Vergisi)
Australia	10 %	0 %	GST (Goods and Services Tax)
Argentina	21 %	10.5% or 0%
Belarus	20 %	10 %	MPE
Bosnia and Herzegovina	17 %		PDV
Venezuela	11 %	8 %	IVA (Impuesto al Valor Agregado)
Vietnam	10 %	5% or 0%	GTGT (Gia Tri Gia Tang)
Guyana	16 %	14 %
Georgia	18 %	0 %	დღგ (DHG)
Island	3 %	0 %	GST (Goods and Sales Tax)
Dominican Republic	6 %	12% or 0%
Iceland	24,5 %	14 %	VSK (Virðisaukaskattur)
	12,5 %	4%, 1% or 0%
Israel	16 %		Ma'am (מס ערך מוסף)
Kazakhstan	12 %		ҚҚС (қosylgan құn salygy)
Kyrgyzstan	12 %	0 %
Canada	from 5% to 13%	0 %	GST (Goods and Services Tax) / TPS (Taxe sur les produits et services)
PRC	17 %	2,3,4,6,13 %	增值税
Lebanon	10 %
Macedonia	18 %	5 %	DDV (Danok on Dodadena Vrednost)
Malaysia	5 %
Mexico	15 %	0 %	IVA (Impuesto al Valor Agregado)
Moldova	20 %	8% or 6% or 0%	TVA (Taxa pe Valoarea Adăugată)
New Zealand	15 %		GST (Goods and Services Tax)
Norway	25 %	14% or 8%	MVA (Merverdiavgift) (unofficial) moms)
Paraguay	10 %	5 %	IVA (Impuesto al Valor Agregado)
Peru	18 %		IGV (Impuesto General a las Ventas)
Salvador	13 %		IVA (Impuesto al Valor Agregado)
Serbia	18 %	8% or 0%	PDV (Porez na dodatu vrednost)
Singapore	5 %		GST (Goods and Services Tax)
Thailand	7 %
Trinidad and Tobago	15 %
Turkey	18 %	8% or 1%	KDV (Katma değer vergisi)
Uzbekistan	20 %	0 %	VAT (Value Added Tax)
Ukraine	20 %	0 %	MPE
Uruguay	23 %	14 %	IVA (Impuesto al Valor Agregado)
Philippines	12 %		RVAT (Reformed Value Added Tax) / karagdagang buwis
Croatia	22 %	0 %	PDV
Chile	19 %		IVA (Impuesto al Valor Agregado)
Ecuador	12 %		IVA (Impuesto al Valor Agregado)
Switzerland	8 %	3.8% or 2.5%	MWST (Mehrwertsteuer) / TVA (Taxe sur la valeur ajoutée) / IVA (Imposta sul valore aggiunto) / VAT (Value Added Tax)

This article is devoted, perhaps, to one of the most confusing and difficult to calculate tax - VAT. We will try to simply and clearly explain what VAT is, who pays it, how to correctly calculate VAT, at what rates, and some other nuances that help you better deal with this difficult tax.
And now, about everything in order.

What is VAT.

So, the very name “value-added tax” indicates that the tax is charged on the cost of goods (works, services) added exclusively by your organization when selling these goods (works, services).

For example:

We buy.
We buy goods from a supplier at cost No. 1 – 50 000 rub.
From above, he threw VAT No. 1 (18%) - 50,000* 18% = 9,000 rubles
In total, we bought the goods at a cost with VAT No. 1 - 50,000+ 9,000=59,000 rubles

We sell.
We sell goodsat cost No. 2 – 55 000 rub.
We add VAT No. 2 (18%) - 55,000 * 18% = 9,900 rubles.
We sell goods at a cost with VAT No. 2– 55 000+9 900=64 900

VALUE #2 - VALUE #1 = VALUE ADDED

That is, in fact, the difference between the cost №2 and cost №1 and eat added value. And VAT is calculated arithmetically from this difference.
VAT \u003d (55,000 - 50,000) * 18% \u003d 900 rubles.

Who pays.

As stated in article 143 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, companies and individual entrepreneurs using common system taxation.
Conventionally, VAT payers are divided into 2 groups:
- taxpayers of "internal" VAT, which is paid when selling goods, works or services on the territory of our country;
- taxpayers of "import" VAT paid at customs when goods are imported into Russia.

The moment when the obligation to pay VAT arises.

The obligation to pay VAT arises in 2 moments:
1. day of shipment
2. day of payment for the goods (advance payment)
depending on which of the events occurred earlier.

Example 1: Moment - shipment.

March 15th

1. Dt 62.1 Kt 90.1– 236 000 rubles- goods shipped
2. Dt 90.3 Kt 68.02 – 236 000 rubles

It is on this day that we have an obligation to the budget to pay tax.

April 18th

3. Dt 51 Kt 62.1 – 236 000 rubles- paid for the goods.

Example 2: Moment - payment (advance payment).

March 15th

Dt 51 Kt 62.2 – 236 000 rubles- advance payment received from the buyer

Upon receipt of an advance payment from the buyer, the seller has 5 days to issue an invoice for advance payment, VAT is charged on the day the invoice is issued, i.e. our debt to the budget arises.

Dt 76.AB Kt 68.02– 36 000 rubles- invoice for advance payment, VAT charged



April 18th

Dt 62.1 Kt 90.1 – 236 000 rub. - goods shipped

Dt 90.3 Kt 68.02 – 36 000 rubles - invoice issued, VAT charged

Dt 68.02 Kt 76.AB – 36 000 rubles- offset VAT from the advance payment received.

tax rates.

Guided by article 164 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, it is possible to determine the existing tax rates VAT.
18%. The basic rate is 18% - it is applicable to most objects of taxation.
10%. Some groups of food products, children's products, medicines, books are subject to a VAT rate of 10%.
0%. Exporters apply a 0% rate, provided that the fact of an export transaction is documented by the tax authority.

The tax code provides for another concept, such as the estimated rate. It should be used when receiving advances or prepayments for goods. It is calculated as follows: 18%: 118% or 10%: 110% depending on the category of the aforementioned products.

For example:

An advance payment was received from the buyer for goods taxed at a rate of 18% in the amount of 118,000 rubles.
We calculate VAT at the estimated rate of 18%:118%.
118,000*18:118=18,000 rubles

How to calculate VAT correctly.

In order to correctly calculate the VAT payable, the tax base must first be determined. The tax base is the sum of all income received by an organization for billing period. This amount equals:

The calculation of the tax base is defined in Article 153 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
The next step will be the direct calculation of VAT. The formula for calculating VAT on the amount looks like this:

VAT = Tax base x Tax rate (%)

Should be remembered that if the company's activities involve the sale of goods subject to different VAT rates, then the tax base calculated for each category of goods separately.

tax deductions.

At the beginning of the article, we analyzed the concept of "added value". So, in order for the taxpayer to correctly calculate exactly his “added value”, and, accordingly, the VAT payable to the budget, the concept is valid -
tax deduction(Article 171 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

A deduction is the VAT that you paid either to a supplier of goods, services or works in the course of your economic activity, or at customs when importing goods, as well as VAT, from the amounts for the goods received or the work performed.

So what kind of tax should we pay to the budget?

Let's return to our example, analyzed at the very beginning of the article.

VAT payable = VAT #2 – VAT #1

Where
VAT No. 2- tax charged on the value of goods upon sale.
VAT No. 1– VAT that we paid to the supplier when purchasing the goods, in other words tax deduction.

How to confirm accrual and deductions for VAT.

Invoice

According to the rules art.168 and art. 169 Tax Code of the Russian Federation The main document for the purposes of the correct calculation and payment of VAT is the invoice. It is in this document that the amount of tax is reflected.
The invoice is issued within five days from the moment (day) we shipped the goods or performed any work or service, or within five days from the moment we received payment for goods that have not yet been shipped, that is, we received an advance payment or advance payment. We recall the section of this article on the moments of the occurrence of a VAT liability.

Sales book

The seller must take into account invoices that he himself issued to the buyer in the register of issued invoices. Although today it is a right, not a duty. But still, I recommend sticking to the old rules so that it is convenient to keep records, especially since this form has been preserved in many accounting programs. Next, it must be registered in the sales book. Now this is important tax document! Based on these documents, you will fill out a VAT return. It can also be requested by the tax authorities if necessary.
Book of purchases
In turn, in order to be eligible for a VAT deduction, you need an invoice received from the supplier. Confirm the payment of VAT upon import should be a document that records the payment of tax at the customs. "Incoming" invoices are registered in the register of received invoices and in the purchase book.
Subtracting the amount of "incoming" purchase tax recorded in the purchase book from the amount of "outgoing" tax recorded in the sales book is VAT, which must be paid to the budget on time.

The unique methodology used in this course allows you to study in the form of an internship in a real company.
The course program is approved by the Moscow Department of Education and fully meets the standards in the field of additional professional education.

Matasova Tatyana Valerievna
tax and accounting expert